How Great Is Jay Gatsby free essay sample

Jay Gatsby is a precise result of the Jazz age. His Greatness can be examined in a few different ways anyway his trustworthiness and faith In the idea of the American Dream separates him from different characters In the novel. During a time of Emotional corruption and loss of confidence Gatsby ends up being a wellspring of Inspiration with his close Idyllically love for the now hitched Daisy Fay. HIS adoration for Daisy is regularly contrasted and a medieval chivalric love and this affection is negated with the estimations of the age they happen to be living in.Another such incongruity is that Daisy the object of his love is dishonorable of his dedication, subsequently his whole confidence in the fantasy lies lost. The lost confidence in this fantasy is reflected in the material riches depicted all through the novel ,the place of a knight being supplanted with vehicles equal then with riches and influence. We will compose a custom paper test on How Great Is Jay Gatsby or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The methods he uses to accomplish his riches are utilized to scrutinize his significance as well, as he was associated with smuggling and the setting up of medication stores in when such things were illegal.However hose activities can be ignored as he too Like the remainder of the characters Is a result of the Jazz age where unscrupulousness and absence of virtues were regular character qualities In request to be effective. The factor that sets Gatsby separated from Jordan for instance anyway Is his proceeded with faith In the Dream until his own destruction. Scratch Caraway has a huge impact in making the air of Greatness that encompasses Gatsby much after he is no more. Scratch has an affection for Gatsby with statements, for example, There was something lovely about his personality.Throughout the novel we are given a delineation of Gatsby that verges on that of an unfortunate legend. At a certain point in the novel Gatsby is even said to have Committed himself to the accompanying of the Grail. Further accentuating his vain endeavors to prevail upon the unreachable Daisy. Beside the effect he made on individuals that portray him as Great, his own rehash of himself is something that can really be lauded If nothing else. From his arranging of a dither timetable to his commitment In the war. His desire to rise is a momentous case of an unvaried conviction . In spite of the fact that he accomplishes this through Illegal methods in any case demonstrates that any individual who trusts In the fantasy can most likely make their own progress. At the point when he saw Dan Cods yacht moor he ;saw the start of his Career The yacht spoke to all the ;magnificence and marvelousness on the planet. Anyway Gatsby self entertainment is to some degree optimistic from the steady realism of Cody, as he never acquired any cash left from him by Cody, indicating an independence that is limitlessly not the same as the old abundance of East Egg.Therefore in when companionship, unwaveringness and love was totally founded on Material achievement Gatsby had the Greatness to convey forward his fantasy till his demise before which he consented to assume the fault for Myrtles passing as he was gripping on to some last expectation. At a possibility with Daisy. Substantiating himself to genuinely be a result of significance in a period with lost loyalties even among c ompanions and friends and family. How Great Is Jay Gatsby By Janissaries a few different ways anyway his genuineness and faith in the idea of the American Dream test him separated from different characters in the novel. During a time of Emotional corruption and loss of confidence Gatsby ends up being a wellspring of motivation with his close to hopeful love for the now hitched Daisy Fay. His adoration for Daisy is frequently these activities can be disregarded as he too like the remainder of the characters is an item characteristics so as to be effective. The factor that sets Gatsby separated from Jordan for instance anyway is his proceeded with faith in the Dream until his own end. Scratch is something that can really be praised if nothing else.

New Year Wishes From the Arts and More

New Year Wishes From the Arts and the sky is the limit from there At the point when twelve o'clock rolls in on December 31st, individuals everywhere throughout the world cheer and wish each other an upbeat New Year. For a few, this occasion is close to a difference in a schedule. For other people, the New Year represents the start of a superior tomorrow. Along these lines, on the off chance that you anticipate a decent year ahead, spread joy with these great New Year wishes. Irish toastIn the New Year, may your correct hand consistently be loosened up in fellowship, never in need. Minnie L. HaskinsAnd I said to the man who remained at the door of the year: Give me a light that I may step securely into the obscure. What's more, he answered: Go out into the murkiness and put your hand into the hand of God. That will be to you superior to light, and more secure than a known way. Film: When Harry Met Sally, Harry BurnsAnd I love that you are the last individual I need to converse with before I rest around evening time. What's more, its not on the grounds that Im desolate, and its not on the grounds that its New Years Eve. I came here today around evening time since when you understand you need to spend an incredible remainder with someone, you need an amazing remainder to begin as quickly as time permits. Edith Lovejoy PierceWe will open the book. Its pages are clear. We are going to put words on them ourselves. The book is called Opportunity and its first section is New Years Day. Charles DickensA joyful Christmas to everyone! A glad New Year to the world! Sydney SmithResolve to make at any rate one individual glad consistently, and afterward in ten years you may have made 3,000, 600 and fifty people upbeat, or lit up an unassuming community by your commitment to the store of general happiness. AnonymousYour Merry Christmas may rely upon what others accomplish for you. Be that as it may, your Happy New Year relies upon what you accomplish for other people. William Makepeace ThackerayCertain corpuscles, designated Christmas Books, with the apparent aim of expanding the tide of thrill, or other extensive feelings, occurrence upon the departure of the old and the initiation of the New Year. Aisha ElderwynEvery new year individuals cause goals to change parts of themselves they to accept are negative. A greater part of individuals return to how they were previously and feel like disappointments. This year I challenge you to another goals. I challenge you to simply act naturally. F. M. Knowles, A Cheerful Year BookHe who breaks a goals is a weakling; He who makes one is a blockhead. G. K. ChestertonThe object of another year isn't that we ought to have another year. It is that we ought to have a renewed person. John Greenleaf WhittierWe meet todayTo express gratitude toward Thee for the period done,And Thee for the initial one T. S. EliotFor a years ago words have a place with a years ago language and one years from now words anticipate another voice. What's more, to make an end is to make a start. Emily MillerThen sing, youthful hearts that are brimming with cheer,With never an idea of sorrow;The old goes out, however the happy youthful yearComes happily in tomorrow Martin LutherGlory to God in most noteworthy heaven,Who unto man His Son hath given;While blessed messengers sing with delicate mirth,A happy new year to all the earth Walter ScottEach age has regarded the infant yearThe fittest time for festal cheer Benjamin FranklinBe consistently at war with your indecencies, content with your neighbors, and let each New Year discover you a superior man. Edgar A. GuestA cheerful New Year! Award that IMay carry no tear to any eyeWhen this New Year in time will endLet it be said Ive played the friend,Have lived and cherished and worked here,And made of it an upbeat year. William Arthur WardThis brilliant new year is given meTo live every day with zestTo day by day develop and attempt to beMy most noteworthy and my best! Ella Wheeler WilcoxWhat can be said in New Year rhymes,Thats not been said a thousand times?The new years come, the old years go,We realize we dream, we dream we know.We ascend giggling with the light,We rests sobbing with the night.We embrace the world until it stings,We revile it at that point and moan for wings.We live, we love, we charm, we wed,We wreathe our prides, we sheet our dead.We chuckle, we sob, we trust, we fear,And that is the weight of a year. Charles LambOf all stable all things considered, the most grave and contacting is the chime which rings out the Old Year.

How to Make a Blog - Information and Tips

How to Make a Blog - Information and TipsIn the 'how to make a blog' tip and information section of our website, there is a list of societal issues. These are grouped by type, most commonly relating to gender issues and economics. Although there are no universal definitions for each group, it is helpful to know that many of these groups are more commonly associated with other common topics, such as race, ethnicity, and religion.In the Society category, the first entries include, 'Women,' 'Gays,' and 'Gender.' The issues discussed range from discrimination against women and gender-based abuse in the workplace. Examples of blogs and forums that discuss these issues are Rape Crisis Center, Coming Out, and History of Women's Issues. Articles written about this topic are Women in Science and Women in Politics.In the Economic category, the first entries include, 'Econ.,' 'G,' and 'Economics.' This category includes economics including those related to finance, banking, and economics in gen eral. The topic of finance is extremely diverse. The topic of economics is usually a combination of economics, macroeconomics, and microeconomics. People often write articles about the economic aspect of their life.In the Social issues category, the first entries include, 'Gender,' 'Racial,' and 'Healthcare.' There are many issues that address social issues, including; reproductive rights, sex crimes, and relationships between religion and politics. Of course, the topic of abortion has been a controversial one.In the 'Societal Issues' category, the first entries include, 'Group,' 'Wage/Workplace,' 'Race,' and 'Politics.' Although it is the most popular category, these three categories are grouped together because each category is often interrelated. The issue of race and civil rights is always a very touchy subject. Any discussion of issues that affect people of color will also touch on the topic of race and in turn affect the discussion of economics.There are many theories that dea l with issues of society/society/culture/country/culture/etc. Some of these theories include; materialism, individualism, and egalitarianism. They have their own names and definitions. For example, the 'materialist definition' describes a theory that values the material aspects of life, whereas the 'egalitarianism' is a theory that emphasizes fairness.Most people have a unique perspective on many issues, whether they realize it or not. However, some people tend to generalize these ideas into one another. A blog about issues that affect women, such as women in society, would be an example of an egalitarianism blog. On the other hand, a blog about issues affecting men, such as men in society, would be described as materialistic.If you want to know more about the types of blogs and forums listed above, the information is available to you in the 'How to Make a Blog' tip and information section of our website. You will find other tips on what to do to make your blog and website a success .

Globalization Of Business At Higher Level Management

Globalization of Business In the world of business, businessmen and women at higher-level management positions need to be able to lead, persuade, control, and communicate with fellow members of their expanding global marketing management discourse community., If these managers are not able to have full control over their staff and business operations, then the branch they are in charge of could end up in disarray and possibly result in a complete failure. as well asManagers also need to be able to reach their audiences and those who may not be in that specific discourse community, but who are associated with the business world whothat make the field of business the trillion dollar daily market it is today. Due to the fact that businesses†¦show more content†¦There are an extensive amount of problems that emerge from the globalization of businesses. Companies that have been left in technological darkness have fallen deeply behind in the quest for economical world power. Other issues involving globalization include some economic policies that countries may have, larger nations abilities to undersell domestic companies, multinational corporations ability to create large plants and work facilities while giving workers poor working conditions, along with the mindset that marketing managers once had but mow are forced to expand to a global thought process and so on. The globalization of businesses affects the personal, production, and the business mindset on numerous levels across the board. When the technology we now use for business purposes today was not available, the success one has as a marketing manager for a major company meant, for the most part, the ability to sell and market your companies product domestically at the highest level possible. However, due to the major advancements in technology such as the Internet that have expanded the marketability of companies, the views of what now makes a successful manager have changed. If marketing managers for a larger company were to only focus on the domestic customer and not have a global mindset, then they wouldill surely fail to expand across the seas or to other countries and more than likely lose their job.

The Hunger Of The Walking Dead - 1021 Words

The Walking Dead is a television show that leaves its audience terrified and apprehension at 9 pm on Sunday nights. While members of the audiences are chewing on popcorn, The Walking Dead provides a taste for human cannibalism. The walkers, â€Å"Zombies†, feed on human flesh and have no thought of mortality. The atmosphere of The Walking Dead leaves all its characters with a dreary future until Rick Grimes just waking up from a comma in a hospital shows up with bringing leadership into the group with authority; and leaves the apocalyptic world less dull and grim also bringing hope for the group surviving. Rick in the episode â€Å"Guts† just being introduced into the group has heard a commotion of gunshots being fired from the top of the building. The whole group rushes upstairs to see Merle Dixon firing away at zombies attracting more and more until T Dog confronts Merle. Merle terrifies the whole group impelling T Dog to the concrete demanding leadership until Rick k nocks Merle to ground handcuffing him to the roof. This brings hope into the group in which the group without rick the group was too weak to fend for their self and couldn’t of stop Merle from killing T Dog and hurting them. People started looking up to Rick more as a leader. Later on in that episode, Andrea was eyeballing a piece of jewelry wanting that some sort of approval from Rick to take it. Rick â€Å"Why don’t you take it†. Andrea â€Å"Because there is a cop staring at me†. She didn’t want to take it because sheShow MoreRelatedA Comparison Of The Hunger Games And The Road1638 Words   |  7 PagesHumanity is one of the many virtues we as humans believe we are born with. However, living in a world much like the one described in both The Hunger Games and The Road novels, some may argue that turning off one’s humanity is a necessity. Nevertheless, both novels prove that while some characters had to turn off their humanity in a horrifi c world like The Hunger Games and The Road, the two main characters of each book demonstrated how a barbaric world could not take that virtue from them. ​These twoRead MoreThe Woman Warrior by Maxine Hong Kingston Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween American and Chinese cultures. The two cultures have different views of what a ghost is. The Chinese believe the ghost spirits may be of people dead or alive. Chinese culture recognizes foreigners and unfamiliar people as ghosts because, like American ghosts, they are mysterious creatures of the unknown. Americans view ghosts as spirits of the dead that either help or haunt people. American ghosts may or may not be real. There spirits are there but physical appearance is a mystery. ChineseRead MoreMy Experience My Learning Experience850 Words   |  4 Pagesfeel my stomach growling since I had not ate since 9am. I began walking to Canes Chicken Fingers to grab a three finger combo to ease my hunger. As I walked back I passed by the bus stop and still saw no one in site, I sat on the stair on the Engineering Building and ate my Chicken fingers as my hunger was beginning to die down. It was 15 minutes passed when I got texts saying they were on their way, I looked around til I saw Hope walking toward the bus stop I caught up to her, then we saw Casey andRead MoreEssay on Chinese and American Ghosts (Woman Warrior)1220 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween American and Chinese cultures. The two cultures have different views of what a ghost is. The Chinese believe the ghost spirits may be of people dead or alive. Chinese culture recognizes foreigners and unfamiliar people as ghosts because, like American ghosts, they are mysterious creatures of the unknown. Americans v iew ghosts as spirits of the dead that either help or haunt people. American ghosts may or may not be real. There spirits are there but physical appearance is a mystery. ChineseRead MoreSummary of Survival In Auschwitz by Primo Levi 1019 Words   |  4 Pagestwenty-five year old chemist who was involved in the anti-Fascist movement in Italy. In late 1943, Levi was captured and sent to Auschwitz, where he stayed for the remainder of the war. Survival in Auschwitz is a bitter account, drenched and coated in pain, hunger, and cold. Prisoners are gradually dehumanised into Haftlinge who are only concerned with their own existence, and, at times, barely that. Levi describes the endless lengths Haftlinge go to ensure that they keep whatever meagre possessions they haveRead MoreMy Zombie Story Essay1476 Words   |  6 Pagesconsidered one of the greatest scourges of all time. Never needing to eat or drink or sleep, yet always a hunger for human. It doesn’t even get digested. Zombies are the undead; they don’t have blood pumping through their bodies, or even oxygen. They have no need to eat, but I can tell you personally, they want to. I se em to be a special exception to the rule however. I can think. I’m by all rights dead, a zombie in everyway, I cannot talk, I decompose, I moan horrendously, but I know exactly what I’mRead MoreThe Hunger Games And Leon : The Professional Seems Like Quite An Odd Request Essay1343 Words   |  6 Pages At first glance, asking for a comparative essay between The Hunger Games and Leon: The Professional seems like quite an odd request. One is a mainstream and ultra-popular children’s movie and book franchise, the other a gritty mature French cult film. It’s a tough ask at first glance. However, by using some careful thought while going through both works, it’s possible to be surprised by the number and depth of similarities they share. In this essay I will be exploring the topics of father figuresRead MoreThe Hunger Games Trilogy1719 Words   |  7 PagesHannah Hirschhorn Essay 10/16/12 The trilogy of The Hunger Games written by Suzanne Collins, focuses on a country that is being controlled by an oppressive government and the people who are fighting against it for their freedom. Although the odds are against the rebels, they continue to combat tyranny at the risk of their own lives. The story takes place in the not too distant future in a country called Panem, which represents the United States. The Capitol, which is the center of the nationalRead MoreEssay about How Zombies Could Really Exist in Real Life1141 Words   |  5 Pagesfungus. In pig farms, the dead pigs have not been noticed, allowing post-mortem development of fungus. Dead pigs are partially eaten by their own living counterparts, allowing the fungus to strain with post-mortem mutations to spread back into the population. Dead pigs have a simple bite reflex that could transmit spores to nearby pigs. A bite combined with a muscular spasm, a sort of lunge could work even better. This could develop into full post-mortem mobility. A dead host came from a drawbackRead MoreClassification of Zombie Movies Essay913 Words   |  4 Pagesstill startling zombies, like Night of the Living Dead. Night’s â€Å"zombies are slow, the humans just get themselves into trouble by reacting stupidly, or not paying enough attention to the problem.† (G.A. Romero) Next, films like Shaun of the Dead, which portray the sometimes amusing but still creepy zombies. And finally, movies like Day of the Dead (2008) which introduce the completely terrifying, gravity-defying zombies. Night of the Living Dead presents zombies that move slowly but deliberately

Essay about The concept of the Democratic Peace Theory

Democratic Peace Theory The concept of the Democratic Peace Theory is based on the idea that whether states are likely to go to war or choose peace depends on the type of political system they have. There are three sub divisions 1) Monadic; Democracies that tend to be generally peaceful and are not likely to go to war, although people (can you identify people) who argue this only examine the years 1960-1970. 2) Dyadic; This version is the most accepted amongst theorists, very peaceful among one another, only likely to go to war against non allies. 3) Systematic; This is a union of states like the UN or NATO. In most literature on the this topic the two main views or interpretations of this theory (Normative logic Institutional logic)†¦show more content†¦To date, though, notably few studies have investigated whether democratic publics are more hesitant to attack democracies than autocracies.Moreover, the small body of actual work has not computed for variables that could confound the relationship bounded by shared democracy and public support for war, nor has it explored the mechanisms by which the regime nature of the adversary affects the public mood. Despite decades of inquisition on the democratic peace, we still lack convincing documentation about whether and how public opinion contributes to the absence of war among democracies. The leaders who make the ultimate decisions about war and peace in democracies have powerful impetus to respect the opinions of citizens. Public opinion matters for several reasons. First, leaders who disappoint or antagonize their constituents risk being removed from office. While early research believe that public opinion on foreign policy was incoherent (Almond 1960) and that politics â€Å"stopped at the water’s edge† (Wildavsky 1966), this interpretation has been supplanted by many other studies showing that mass opinion is logical and influential. Leaders know that citizens care about foreign policy, which foreign policy regularly plays a role in electoral campaigns, and that foreign policy mistakes can hurt leaders at the ballot box (Aldrich 1989; Gronke 2003; Gelpi 2007). Second, democratic leaders face institutional pressure on their powers to useShow MoreRelatedReliable Partners : How Democracies Have Made A Separate Peace1470 Words   |  6 PagesDemocracies Have Made a Separate Peace,† argues that Democratic Peace Theory offers an explanation as to why democracies, in particular, have avoided the war front. In his delineation, he cites the ideals of bargaining, mutual benefit, reluctance to bear the cost of war, and the restraint placed upon elected official as to why democracies, unlike non-democracies, have avoided conflict for as long as they have (Lipson 10). His argument, alike to other Democratic peace theorists, consist of the ideaRead MoreThe Democratic Peace Theory954 Words   |  4 PagesThe democratic peace theory was not always seen as the substantial argument and significant contribution to the field of International Relations that it is today. Prior to the 1970’s, it was the realist and non-realist thought that took pr eeminence in political theoretical thinking. Though the democratic peace theory was first criticized for being inaccurate in its claim that democracy promotes peace and as such democracies do not conflict with each other, trends, statistical data, reports have suggestedRead MoreLiberalism and Its Key Values821 Words   |  3 Pageswhich can guarantee peace between its adherents. The ‘Democratic Peace’ has been formulated in order to illustrate a world in which democratic states do not engage in war between each oth-er as fellow democrats live with a stable and historically unique form of government. This essay shall explore whether it is acceptable that one can portray ‘liberal democracy’ in par-ticular as universally applicable in a standard form. This is a central tenet of the democratic peace theory and as such requiresRead MoreEssay on Democratic Peace1477 Words   |  6 PagesDemocratic Peace Democratic peace is presently a theory that has come under fire from many individuals due to the complex nature in which it is applied to nations and their handling of foreign affairs. There are currently two accepted arguments: (1) Democracies do not fight one another because they are self-organizing systems and are therefore fundamentally distinct from other statesRead MoreDemocracy in The Middle East Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pageswould not necessarily create peace due to their cultural and geographical context. From a westernised perspective we may heavily associate the nature of democracy with peace but the history of international relations and theory has continue to show that this is definitely not the case. The Democratic Peace Theory itself contains weakness and vulnerabilities due to its reliance on ‘casual logic’ (Layne 1994, Pg. 13) lacking of detailed explanations. When considering peace as a direct outcome of liberalRead MoreThe Cold War Between America And The Soviet Union Between 1945 And 19801070 Words   |  5 Pagesregulate law in International relations, the system will not be able to provide any public good, in this case, PEACE among states. However, to some extent they do. To achieve this peace, both realists and liberals have outlined various factors that facilitate this provisio n among States. For liberals, peace among states can be achieved through economic cooperation, democratic peace theory and the establishment of hegemons. Realist on the other hand believe in nuclear deterrence, and the balance ofRead MoreIs Democracy Promotion A Mask For Hegemonic Power?1546 Words   |  7 Pagesideals upon less democratic states? Hegemony is the concept meaning primacy of the leading state over the subordinate states without the use of any direct forms of violence (invasion, occupation or annexation). Many scholars in international relations have tried to find an answer to these questions, but they are still open to a much debate and discussion. Liberals believe that democracy promotion is an essential action from more prosperous states in order to achieve international peace and protect humanRead MoreIs the EU Democratic?1411 Words   |  6 Pagestreaties and resolutions, has strived to promote values such as peace, cooperation or democracy, and in 2012 was awar ded the Nobel Peace Prize for having â€Å"contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe† (Nobel Media AB, 2012). Despite its struggle for promoting democracy, the EU itself has long experienced scholarly criticisms that it suffers the democratic deficit, from which its democratic legitimacy is undermined by observable problems in politicalRead MoreThe Theory Of International Relations1535 Words   |  7 PagesWhen studying International Relations, there are various theories involved, three of these theories being: realism, liberalism, and constructivism. A theory is fundamentally ideas and complex concepts that have their own way of understanding something. These theories are used in evaluating world politics, by coming up with a unique way of identifying and explaining the events that occur around the world (Mingst 5). The theories help explain different perspectives on how the world system functions;Read MoreDifferences B etween Morgenthau And Kant1311 Words   |  6 PagesA school of thought, as defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary, is a point of view held by a particular group. Schools of thought relating to world politics are theories that have been the center and cause of countless debates. Two of the most well-known and influential schools of thought in the realm of international politics are realism and liberalism. While the ideas making up both systems have been around for centuries, each school has been since furthered and analyzed by international relations

My Dying Bride Essay Example For Students

My Dying Bride Essay What a FastCGI Application Looks Like FastCGI with Perl and Tcl Installing and Configuring FastCGI Incorporating FastCGI Functionality into Apache Building the FastCGI Developers Kit Perl FastCGI Programs The mod_fastcgi Module The AppClass Directive CFastCGIFastCGI is a high-performance replacement to the CGI standard. It provides a significant improvement in performance over the existing CGI interface. In its current implementation, FastCGI provides manydesirable enhancements that make it a very attractive and competitive alternative to proprietary technologies for developing Web-based applications. Under many circumstances, it will be a better choice toimplement FastCGI than to develop a custom server module using Apaches proprietary server Application Programmers Interface (API). FastCGI is available from http://www.fastcgi.com. (See Figure C.1.) The site is the official resource to all FastCGI information. It has complete documentation and whitepapers on FastCGI. Also nice is a mailing lista threaded archive that is available through the Web. FastCGI is a proposed open standard; this means that it is not currently widely accepted, but it has received a warm welcome by many significant people on the Internet who are responsible for setting thestandards. More than likely, this welcome will turn into acceptance on both free and commercial Web server offerings, which will help it in becoming blessed from a standard point of view. FastCGI is appealing not only because of its performance enhancements but because the effort required to migrate existing code is very small. As a bonus, software developed under this proposed standardhas a high degree of portability. These portability issues help a great deal toward setting it as a viable candidate to become a standard, especially on installations that have committed extensive resources toFastCGI is not a development environment in terms of having to learn yet another programming language. In a very simplistic desc ription, FastCGI it is a CGI program that uses additional libraries, so it doesrequire that you learn an API. The basic API is tiny, though; one call is all you need to migrate many of your current programs. FastCGI FeaturesThe main features of FastCGI are as follows: A huge increase in performance. FastCGI programs continue to live between requests, making their responsiveness faster and reducing delays due to forking and program initialization. Programming language-independent implementation. Like CGI, you can develop your FastCGI application with a variety of languages. Currently there are programming libraries for Perl, C/C++, Tcl,and Java. Porting existing code to FastCGI is easy, allowing you to easily migrate your existing code base without having to redo what you have done. FastCGI processes are isolated from the Web server core. Much like CGI, FastCGI applications offer greater security and reliability than developing a similar functionality as a module using a serverServer technology separation. There are FastCGI modules for various servers, including Apache, NCSA, and the Open Market Secure WebServer. For any other server that supports CGIs, thecgi-fcgi program, included in the FastCGI distribution, implements the FastCGI environment. Distributed computing support. FastCGI applications can execute on a different host from the Web server. This allows you to offload FastCGI execution to other application servers, permitting yourWeb server to handle an increased load. FastCGI programs can run on any host that can be reached over TCP/IP. The concept of roles. Traditional CGI programs fall into the responder role; they respond to some action initiated by a browser and send back some HTML. FastCGI programs can also perform otherroles, such as a filter or as part of some authentication scheme. This allows for providing extra functionality that would usually be relegated to a server module. The currently available FastCGI modulefor Apache does not include s upport for roles other than responder, but this may change in the future. Performance EnhancementThe increase in performance alone would be a good enough reason to migrate CGIs to FastCGI, especially on loaded servers. This increase in performance is achieved primarily because FastCGI processesare persistent. Forking under UNIX is very expensive, and FastCGI addresses this issue by reusing processes. This saves on the initialization time and can also provide enhancements when data calculated byone call to the program can be reused in another transaction. Unlike CGIs, which are forked every time theres a request for the functionality, FastCGI processes are reused. After a request is fulfilled, the process remains, waiting for additional requests. Programs that rely on an interpreter such as Perl or Tcl can gain a great deal from this technology because the command interpreter will compile the program once, not once per call. The time required to doall this pre-run initialization is e liminated. On the program side, this can yield to enhancements such as establishing a connection with a database or some other process because the connection only needs tohappen once. Add to this the load to launch the interpreter program, and the savings are significant. What sort of performance gains can you obtain? According to information posted on the FastCGI Web site, Open Markets tests show the following: Client, Server, and Application Processing Time 21ms + 0.19ms/KB 22ms + 0.28ms/KB 59ms + 0.37ms/KB Add to this the cumulative time that it takes for an application to establish a TCP/IP connection to, say, a database. Under CGI, a process will have to initialize each time it is run. FastCGI can yield aperformance increase of four times the speed of the same program used as CGI. In load terms, this could mean that your server could potentially handle four times your current CGI load. However, the levelof enhancement will depend on the source of the bottleneck. If your databas e server is the current source of the problem, FastCGI cannot do much about that except reduce the number of connections thatthe database server will need to perform, perhaps giving it more time to process data instead. FastCGI APIThe FastCGI API has a handful of calls: FCGI_Accept is used to implement the server connectivity and control the running of the FastCGI program. FCGI_Finish gives you control after the FastCGI program has executed, but before running the next request. FCGI_SetExitStatus is used to set the exit status of the request. Most CGI programs dont return meaningful exit status, so this call is seldom used. FCGI_StartFileterData enables you to implement a special type of FastCGI application, called a filter. Currently the Apache implementation of the FastCGI module doesnt support roles, of which thefilter type is a member, but this likely will change in the near future. Filters allow you to implement programs that will convert one data format to another on-the-fly (for example, TIFF to GIF). Data is read and written through the standard input, output, and error streams. FastCGI also provides macros that map files and streams to native calls supported by your operating system. Like CGI, you can create FastCGI applications in almost any language. However, you are currently limited to the ports of the library. Currently available are Perl, C/C++, Tcl, Java, and very soon Python,which should be available by the time you read this. Also in the works is a multithreaded C/C++ library that has not been released, but should be available as part of the 1.6 release. The multithreaded libraryallows a single application process to handle concurrent requests, which will allow you to implement things like HTTP-based chat applications. Even though FastCGI is not universal, most developers should find themselves at home in one of the programming languages previously mentioned. As soon as FastCGI gains more acceptance, there will beadditional libraries impleme nted. Developers are encouraged to port the FastCGI libraries to their programming language of choice, ensuring that the openness of the extension is more widely supported. Thesuccess of FastCGI will depend on getting many vendors and programmers to support it. Given its current feature set, it should have no trouble reaching this goal. The design of FastCGI also wins big on the learning curve because unlike server APIs, you are still programming a CGI, so you can leverage what you already know. The only issues that you will need toaddress have to do with reorganizing your application so that the initialization code, which is done once, is kept separate from the application body. FastCGI applications are long-lived; they are kept alivebetween transactions. This also means that memory needs to be managed because unlike CGIs, which have a short life span, FastCGI processes may execute for undetermined amounts of time. Data sent to a FastCGI application by the server is accessed throug h special streams that provide complete binary compatibility with the CGI standard. This also allows a FastCGI program to run as a regularCGI program. A FastCGI program can determine, at runtime, if it is being run as CGI or as FastCGI and behave accordingly. This translates into an environment that allows you to migrate FastCGI programs down, should you ever need to. This provides server independence because the same binary can be run on two serverssayApache and Netscapeunder the same operating system without even needing to be rebuilt or require programming modifications, even if the server couldnt support FastCGI. This feature alone is veryinteresting from a legacy and recycling standpoint. Also, all servers support FastCGI. The FastCGI Developers Kit comes with a program called cgi-fcgi that allows you to run FastCGI responderapplications. The cgi-fcgi program allows any Web server that supports CGI to run FastCGI. FastCGI applications communicate with Apache using a single full -duplex connection. Through this connection, the server transmits the environment variables and stdin to the FastCGI application; stdout andstderr streams from the application are sent back to the server. What a FastCGI Application Looks LikeA modified version of my HelloWorld.c looks like this: printf (Content-type: text/htmlrnrn);printf(*HEAD**TITLE*Hello World!*/TITLE**/HEAD*);printf(*BODY**H1*Hello, this is a FastCGI program!*/H1*);printf(*BIG**P*I can tell that you are visiting from %s.*/P*);printf(*p*This page has been accessed: %d times*/P**/BIG**/BODY*, getenv(REMOTE_HOST), ++timesVisited);This version makes use of the fact that the application is persistent and will maintain a count of the times the program is run (until the program dies). As you can see from this example, FastCGI applications follow this sequence: 1.Initialization. Persistent connections or data that should be available from request to request are initialized in this section. Initialization is done only o nce. The initial environment for FastCGI applicationsis set through the AppClass directive, which is added by the FastCGI module. 2.The Response Loop. This loop is started by the FCGI_Accept() routine, implemented in the FastCGI library. A call to this routine blocks program execution until the program receives a client request. Elements In The Road Not Taken EssayFastCGI is a great choicethe learning-and-setup curve is hours, not days like other environments. Performance Enhancement What a FastCGI Application Looks Like FastCGI with Perl and Tcl Installing and Configuring FastCGI Incorporating FastCGI Functionality into Apache Building the FastCGI Developers Kit Perl FastCGI ProgramsBibliography: